In 2015, nations reached a historic global agreement on climate change and made first commitments through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) which outline their climate action ambition, addressing both climate change mitigation (or low emission development) and adaptation to climate change. However, despite commendable efforts, a sizeable gap still remains between what has been pledged and what is still needed to keep global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. At the same time, several regions are already experiencing the effects of climate change manifested in the form of increased and unpredictable climate shocks and stresses, such as floods, wildfires, droughts, and tropical storms. Cities and regions worldwide are at the frontline of climate change impacts, with local communities increasingly undertaking targeted measures to adapt to current changes and enhance their resilience to future impacts.
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